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Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines

Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines Background

Available Resources for Studying Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines

Creative BioMart is committed to being at the forefront of research in the field of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, continuously updating our product portfolio and resources to provide researchers with the latest tools and information, driving progress in this important area of knowledge.

  • Our diverse product portfolio encompasses recombinant proteins and other essential items, serving as critical aids in unraveling the functions and mechanisms of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
  • With a team of seasoned experts deeply versed in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines research, we are committed to tailoring solutions to address the unique requirements of each researcher.
  • Furthermore, we offer comprehensive resource support encompassing involved pathways, protein functions, interacting proteins, and other valuable information. These resources are designed to empower researchers to gain a holistic understanding of the interplay between inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and inflammation, ultimately elevating the impact of their research endeavors.

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Whether you are studying the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in inflammation, disease pathology, drug discovery, or therapeutic development, Creative BioMart is here to support your research. We are committed to helping you achieve your scientific goals and make meaningful contributions to the field of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine research. Contact us today to learn more about our products and resources.

About Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines

Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are signaling molecules produced by various cells of the immune system in response to infection, injury, or other inflammatory stimuli. They play a crucial role in initiating and regulating the inflammatory response.

Cytokines are small proteins or glycoproteins that act as molecular messengers in cell-to-cell communication. They are produced by a wide range of cells, including immune cells, and serve as key regulators of immune responses and inflammation.

Chemokines are a subset of cytokines that specifically regulate the migration and positioning of immune cells. They are small secreted proteins that bind to chemokine receptors expressed on immune cells.

Chemokine involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.Fig.1 Chemokine involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. (Elemam N M, et al., 2020)
Various immune cells secrete chemokines that affect the joints. (A) Chemokines secreted in the peripheral blood by immune cells. (B) Chemokines secreted inside the joints by various immune and non-immune cells.

Functions of the Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines

Inflammatory cytokines play various roles in the immune system, including:

  • Activation of immune cells: Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activate immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, promoting their recruitment to the site of inflammation and enhancing their antimicrobial activities.
  • Induction of inflammation: Cytokines help initiate and amplify the inflammatory response by increasing vascular permeability, promoting the migration of immune cells, and inducing the production of other inflammatory mediators.
  • Regulation of immune cell differentiation and function: Cytokines influence the development, differentiation, and function of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
  • Modulation of adaptive immune responses: Cytokines play critical roles in shaping and regulating adaptive immune responses, including the generation of specific antibodies and the activation of T cells.

Chemokines play important roles in immune cell trafficking and recruitment to specific tissues or sites of inflammation. Key functions of chemokines include:

  • Attracting immune cells: Chemokines act as chemoattractants, guiding immune cells to specific tissues or sites of infection or inflammation. They help direct the migration of leukocytes, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, in response to inflammatory signals.
  • Controlling cell migration: Chemokines regulate the adhesion, rolling, and transmigration of immune cells across blood vessels and into tissues. They help orchestrate the movement and positioning of immune cells within tissues during immune responses.
  • Modulating immune cell activation: Chemokines can also modulate the activation and functional responses of immune cells, including cytokine production, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation.

Regulation and Dysregulation of Inflammatory Cytokines & Chemokines

Regulation and dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are critical factors in maintaining immune homeostasis and the appropriate resolution of inflammation.

Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines

  • Transcriptional regulation: The production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Upon activation of immune cells, signaling pathways, such as those mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), are activated, leading to the induction of gene transcription for these molecules.
  • Post-transcriptional regulation: Several mechanisms control the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the post-transcriptional level. These include mRNA stability, microRNA regulation, and RNA-binding proteins that can enhance or suppress their translation.
  • Negative feedback loops: To prevent excessive inflammation, negative feedback loops are crucial in regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These feedback mechanisms involve the activation of inhibitory molecules, such as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), which can inhibit signaling pathways downstream of cytokine receptors.
  • Resolution of inflammation: Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are also involved in the resolution of inflammation. Certain cytokines, like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and IL-10, have anti-inflammatory properties and promote tissue repair and resolution of the immune response.

Dysregulation of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines

  • Excessive production: Dysregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines can occur in various conditions, leading to chronic inflammation. This can happen in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, where there is an imbalance in the immune response, resulting in persistent inflammation.
  • Autoinflammatory diseases: Some diseases are characterized by dysregulated innate immune responses and heightened production of inflammatory cytokines. Examples include familial Mediterranean fever, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, and TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome.
  • Cytokine storms: In severe infections or certain immune-mediated disorders, there can be an uncontrolled and exaggerated release of inflammatory cytokines, known as a cytokine storm. This excessive cytokine production can lead to systemic inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.
  • Therapeutic interventions: Certain medications, such as immunosuppressive drugs or biologic agents that target specific cytokines or their receptors, can be used to modulate the dysregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in various diseases.

Cells that can be involved in a cytokine storm.Fig.2 Cells that can be involved in a cytokine storm. (Tang X-D, et al., 2021)

Various types of cells, such as neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and T helper cells (Th cells), are intimately involved in the initiation and progression of cytokine storms. These cells interact with each other and can influence each other's activities.

References:

  1. Tang X-D, Ji T-T, Dong J-R, Feng H, Chen F-Q, Chen X, Zhao H-Y, Chen D-K, Ma W-T. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cytokine Storm Induced by Infectious Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):13009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313009.
  2. Elemam N M, Hannawi S, Maghazachi A A. Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. ImmunoTargets and therapy, 2020: 43-56.
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