Many epithelial organs undergo branching morphogenesis during development, resulting in the construction of complex dendritic networks and the acquisition of specialized tissue structures. Understanding the establishment and maintenance of organizational structure is a core issue in developmental biology, which directly impacts organ physiology and diseases. In adult life, the loss of organizational structure may occur in the early stages and various human cancers. However how these processes are coordinated and how to preserve tissue structure in the event of severe cell rearrangement during organ development is still unclear.
Recently, Professor Jean Francois Darrigrand and his team from the Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine at King’s College London, UK, have discovered that pancreatic ductal cells undergo apical division by protruding and pulling the apical basement membrane to form cracks, using in vitro and in vivo mouse models. The insulin growth factor (IGF)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway finely regulates the fluidity of pancreatic ductal tissue by controlling this process, while also affecting the acquisition of branching and cell fate. Through this study, the aim is to explain how the proliferation of pointed structures and branching occurs synchronously during the development of pancreatic organs.
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The results showed that establishing differentiated acini at the top of the primary branch is a prerequisite for branching during pancreatic development. In the pancreas with Jag1 gene deficiency, peripheral ductal cells were not appropriately specialized. However, secondary branches still formed, indicating that progenitor cells without clear ductal features can still trigger the formation of fissures. The pancreas requires the integrity of the matrix for the distal ductal cells to be pulled and form cracks. Therefore, in the pancreas, pancreatic fissures are driven by the action of pancreatic ductal progenitor cells on the pancreatic needle region, while in the salivary glands, pancreatic fissures are caused by the self-organizing mechanism of cell-matrix preferential adhesion in the pancreatic needle region. At the molecular level, research has found that apoptosis leads to later branching defects. When PI3K is over-activated, the ductal cells will rearrange uncontrollably, damaging the epithelial structure and leading to the formation of cysts.
In summary, this study opens up prospects for fine-tuning the IGF/PI3K signal, which may help reconstruct niches in the body and provide a starting point for promoting the branching of human pancreatic organ tissues.
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Reference
Darrigrand JF, Salowka A, et. Acinar-ductal cell rearrangement drives branching morphogenesis of the murine pancreas in an IGF/PI3K-dependent manner. Dev Cell. 2024 Jan 13:S1534-5807(23)00691-3. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.011. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38237591.