Amino Acid Codon

The genetic code, also known as the codon, genetic codon, or triplet code, refers to the triplet of every three nucleotides on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, starting from the starting codon AUG, along the 5 'to 3' direction. It determines the synthesis order of each amino acid on the peptide chain, as well as the start, extension, and termination of protein synthesis.

Table 1. Genetic Codon Table

Base 1	Base 2								Base 3
	T		C		A		G
T	TTT	(Phe/F) Phenylalanine	TCT	(Ser/S) Serine	TAT	(Tyr/Y) Tyrosine	TGT	(Cys/C) Cystine	T
	TTC		TCC		TAC		TGC		C
	TTA	(Leu/L) Leucine	TCA		TAA[B]	Stop Codon	TGA[B]	Stop Codon	A
	TTG		TCG		TAG[B]	Stop Codon	TGG	(Trp/W) Tryptophan	G
C	CTT		CCT	(Pro/P) Proline	CAT	(His/H) Histidine	CGT	(Arg/R) Arginine	T
	CTC		CCC		CAC		CGC		C
	CTA		CCA		CAA	(Gln/Q) Glutarnine	CGA		A
	CTG		CCG		CAG		CGG		G
A	ATT	(Ile/I) Isoleucine	ACT	(Thr/T)Threonine	AAT	(Asn/N) Asparagine	AGT	(Ser/S) Serine	T
	ATC		ACC		AAC		AGC		C
	ATA		ACA		AAA	(Lys/K) Lysine	AGA	(Arg/R) Arginine	A
	ATG[A]	(Met/M) Methionine	ACG		AAG		AGG		G
G	GTT	(Val/V) Valine	GCT	(Ala/A) Alanine	GAT	(Asp/D) Aspartic acid	GGT	(Gly/G) Glycine	T
	GTC		GCC		GAC		GGC		C
	GTA		GCA		GAA	(Glu/E) Glutamicacid	GGA		A
	GTG		GCG		GAG		GGG		G

For the convenience of querying, the following table lists the reverse codon table for each amino acid, making it easy to quickly locate the corresponding codon for a certain amino acid.

Table 2. Inverse Codon Table

Amino Acid	Three Letter	Single Letter	Codon
Alanine	Ala	A	GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG
Arginine	Arg	R	CGU,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGG
Asparagine	Asn	N	AAU,AAC
Aspartic acid	Asp	D	GAU,GAC
Cystine	Cys	C	UGU,UGC
Glutamic acid	Glu	E	GAA,GAG
Glutarnine	Gln	Q	CAA,CAG
Glycine	Gly	G	GGU,GGC,GGA,GGG
Histidine	His	H	CAU,CAC
Isoleucine	Ile	I	AUU,AUC,AUA
Leucine	Leu	L	UUA,UUG,CUU,CUC,CUA,CUG
Lysine	Lys	K	AAA,AAG
Methionine	Met	M	AUG
Phenylalanine	Phe	F	UUU,UUC
Proline	Pro	P	CCU,CCC,CCA,CCG
Serine	Ser	S	UCU,UCC,UCA,UCG,AGU,AGC
Threonine	Thr	T	ACU,ACC,ACA,ACG
Tryptophan	Trp	W	UGG
Tyrosine	Tyr	Y	UAU,UAC
Valine	Val	V	GUU,GUC,GUA,GUG
Stop Codon			UAG,UGA,UAA

Amino Acid Codon Wheel

The amino acid codon wheel (also known as the amino acid color wheel) is a useful tool for finding which amino acid in an RNA sequence has been translated.

To use the amino acid codon wheel, first start from the center and search along the RNA codon until three nucleotide bases are found. Next, translate these three bases from mRNA codons into an amino acid.

Download and Print Amino Acid Codon Wheel

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The R group structure, charge, and polarity of each amino acid are different. Please refer to the chart and structure below to understand the properties, types, applications, and availability of amino acids.

Table 3. Amino Acid Classification Table

Hydrophobic side chain amino acids - aliphatic

• 

  Alanine, Ala, A

• 

  Isoleucine, Ile, I

• 

  Leucine, Leu, L

• 

  Methionine, Met, M

• 

  Valine, Val, V

Hydrophobic side chain amino acids - aromatic

• 

  Phenylalanine, Phe, F

• 

  Tryptophan, Trp, W

• 

  Tyrosine, Tyr, Y

Polar neutral side chain amino acids

• 

  Asparagine, Asn, N

• 

  Cysteine, Cys, C

• 

  Glutamine, Gln, Q

• 

  Serine, Ser, S

• 

  Threonine, Thr, T

Acidic charged side chain amino acids

• 

  Aspartic Acid, Asp, D

• 

  Glutamate, Glu, E

Alkaline charged side chain amino acids

• 

  Arginine, Arg, R

• 

  Histidine, His, H

• 

  Lysine, Lys, K

Special amino acids

• 

  Glycine, Gly, G

• 

  Proline, Pro, P