| Cat.No.: | NUC-0145 |
| Product Name: | Recombinant Mononucleosomes (H2A.X) |
| Product Overview: | Recombinant Mononucleosomes (H2A.X) - biotinylated, consist of 167 bp of 601 DNA with a 5’ biotin tag and two molecules each of histones H2A.X that includes amino acids 1-143 (end) (accession number NP_002096.1) with a C-terminal 6×His-Tag, H2B that includes amino acids 1-126 (end) (accession number NP_003509.1), H3 that includes amino acids 1-136 (end) (accession number NP_003520.1), and H4 that includes amino acids 1-103 (end) (accession number NP_003539.1). All of these histones were expressed in E. coli cells. The molecular weight of the histone octamer is ~113.2 kDa. |
| Background: | In vivo, the nucleosome is the basic structural unit of chromatin. It is comprised of about 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histones of four different types: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Histones are subject to posttranslational modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, mono-ubiquitination, etc. Histone modifications influence multiple chromatin templated processes such as gene transcription, DNA repair and recombination. Besides the “major“ histones, there are some histone variants in specific regions of chromatin or in specific cell types. Histone variants are involved in multiple biology processes including chromosome segregation, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation and mRNA processing. H2A.X (also known as H2AFX, Histone Family Member X) is a histone H2A family member. In mammals, variant histone H2A.X represents 10% of the total H2A, whereas in yeast 90% of H2A is of the H2A.X class. The main function of H2AX is associated with the DNA damage repair (DDR) system which is induced by DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In many species, including S. cerevisiae, Xenopus laevis, and Drosophila melanogaster, the fourth serine residue from the carboxyl-terminal end of histone H2A becomes phosphorylated. In mammals, this event is related to phosphorylation of the H2A.X variant histone on serine 139 by DNA-dependent protein kinases (ATR/ATM/DNA- PK). The phosphorylated form of H2A.X is commonly denoted as γ-H2A.X. This H2A.XS139 phosphorylation facilitates the recruitment of the DNA damage repair machinery, as well as chromatin remodelers such as INO80 and SWR1. H2A.X is a regulator of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Nucleosomes are more physiologically relevant substrates than histones and histone-derived peptides for in vitro studies. More importantly, some histone methyltransferases are significantly more active, as well as specific, when using nucleosomal substrates in HMT assays, such as DOT1L and NSD family enzymes. Nucleosomes are also widely used in histone methyltransferase screening assays to identify small molecular inhibitors for drug discovery. |
| Applications: | Suitable for use as substrates in the study of enzyme kinetics, inhibitor screening, and selectivity profiling. |
| Storage: | Store at 4℃ if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store at -20℃ or -80℃ for longer periods of time. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. |
| Appearance: | Liquid |
| Species: | Human |
| Formulation: | 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 2 mM DTT and 20% glycerol. |
| Tag: | Biotin |
| Expression System: | E. coli |
| Warning: | This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. |
| Product Types | ||
| ◆ Nucleosomes | ||
| NUC-0007 | Recombinant Tetranucleosomes H3.3 | Inquiry |
| NUC-0008 | Recombinant Mononucleosomes H3.3 | Inquiry |
| ◆ Synthetic Peptides | ||
| SP-0009 | Histone H4 peptide (1-21), Biotin-labeled | Inquiry |
| SP-0010 | Histone H4 peptide (1-21) | Inquiry |
| SP-0012 | Histone H3 peptide (21-44), Biotin-labeled | Inquiry |
| Related Gene / Proteins | |||
| HIC1 | HIF1A | HIF1AN | HINFP |
| HIPK1 | HIPK2 | HIRA | Histone |
| Histone H1 | Histone H2A | Histone H2B | Histone H3 |
| Histone H4 | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | ||
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