akr1
- Recombinant Proteins
- Ashbya gossypii (strain ATCC 10895 / CBS 109.51 / FGSC 9923 / NRRL Y-1056) (Yeast) (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Aspergillus oryzae (strain ATCC 42149 / RIB 40) (Yellow koji mold)
- Candida glabrata (strain ATCC 2001 / CBS 138 / JCM 3761 / NBRC 0622 / NRRL Y-65) (Yeast) (Torulopsis glabrata)
- Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (strain B-3501A) (Filobasidiella neoformans)
- Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (strain JEC21 / ATCC MYA-565) (Filobasidiella neoformans)
- Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 112.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Gibberella zeae (strain PH-1 / ATCC MYA-4620 / FGSC 9075 / NRRL 31084) (Wheat head blight fungus) (Fusarium graminearum)
- Kluyveromyces lactis (strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37) (Yeast) (Candida sphaerica)
- Lachancea kluyveri (strain ATCC 58438 / CBS 3082 / CCRC 21498 / NBRC 1685 / JCM 7257 / NCYC 543 / NRRL Y-12651) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces kluyveri)
- Naumovozyma castellii (strain ATCC 76901 / CBS 4309 / NBRC 1992 / NRRL Y-12630) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces castellii)
- Neosartorya fumigata (strain ATCC MYA-4609 / Af293 / CBS 101355 / FGSC A1100) (Aspergillus fumigatus)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast)
- Saccharomyces uvarum (strain ATCC 76518 / CBS 7001 / CLIB 283 / NBRC 10550 / MCYC 623 / NCYC 2669 / NRRL Y-11845) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum)
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) (Fission yeast)
- Yarrowia lipolytica (strain CLIB 122 / E 150) (Yeast) (Candida lipolytica)
- E.coli expression system
- His
Species | Cat.# | Product name | Source (Host) | Tag | Protein Length | Price |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashbya gossypii (strain ATCC 10895 / CBS 109.51 / FGSC 9923 / NRRL Y-1056) (Yeast) (Eremothecium gossypii) | RFL10795AF | Recombinant Full Length Ashbya Gossypii Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-724) | |
Aspergillus oryzae (strain ATCC 42149 / RIB 40) (Yellow koji mold) | RFL26883AF | Recombinant Full Length Aspergillus Oryzae Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-737) | |
Candida glabrata (strain ATCC 2001 / CBS 138 / JCM 3761 / NBRC 0622 / NRRL Y-65) (Yeast) (Torulopsis glabrata) | RFL19417CF | Recombinant Full Length Candida Glabrata Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-763) | |
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (strain B-3501A) (Filobasidiella neoformans) | RFL1635CF | Recombinant Full Length Cryptococcus Neoformans Var. Neoformans Serotype D Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-776) | |
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (strain JEC21 / ATCC MYA-565) (Filobasidiella neoformans) | RFL31986CF | Recombinant Full Length Cryptococcus Neoformans Var. Neoformans Serotype D Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-776) | |
Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 112.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) (Aspergillus nidulans) | RFL6112EF | Recombinant Full Length Emericella Nidulans Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-737) | |
Gibberella zeae (strain PH-1 / ATCC MYA-4620 / FGSC 9075 / NRRL 31084) (Wheat head blight fungus) (Fusarium graminearum) | RFL36493GF | Recombinant Full Length Gibberella Zeae Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-702) | |
Kluyveromyces lactis (strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37) (Yeast) (Candida sphaerica) | RFL17730KF | Recombinant Full Length Kluyveromyces Lactis Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-752) | |
Lachancea kluyveri (strain ATCC 58438 / CBS 3082 / CCRC 21498 / NBRC 1685 / JCM 7257 / NCYC 543 / NRRL Y-12651) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces kluyveri) | RFL33653LF | Recombinant Full Length Lachancea Kluyveri Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-737) | |
Naumovozyma castellii (strain ATCC 76901 / CBS 4309 / NBRC 1992 / NRRL Y-12630) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces castellii) | RFL11568NF | Recombinant Full Length Naumovozyma Castellii Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-757) | |
Neosartorya fumigata (strain ATCC MYA-4609 / Af293 / CBS 101355 / FGSC A1100) (Aspergillus fumigatus) | RFL19621NF | Recombinant Full Length Neosartorya Fumigata Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-738) | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) | RFL6209SF | Recombinant Full Length Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-764) | |
Saccharomyces uvarum (strain ATCC 76518 / CBS 7001 / CLIB 283 / NBRC 10550 / MCYC 623 / NCYC 2669 / NRRL Y-11845) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum) | RFL13863SF | Recombinant Full Length Saccharomyces Bayanus Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-763) | |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) (Fission yeast) | RFL13354SF | Recombinant Full Length Schizosaccharomyces Pombe Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-642) | |
Yarrowia lipolytica (strain CLIB 122 / E 150) (Yeast) (Candida lipolytica) | RFL33453YF | Recombinant Full Length Yarrowia Lipolytica Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged | E.coli expression system | His | Full Length (1-702) |
- Reviews
- Q&As
Customer Reviews (4)
Write a reviewHigh solubility makes it easy to prepare the desired concentration.
Had good crystallinity, which was beneficial for crystallographic study.
Good antigenicity and could induce target immune responses.
High catalytic efficiency.
Q&As (12)
Ask a questionHuman AKR1 enzymes catalyze the conversion of either weak ligands to form potent ligands for nuclear receptors or they are involved in the elimination of these ligands. In this manner AKR1 enzymes control the levels of potent ligands that can occupy and trans-activate nuclear receptors within endocrine target tissues.
AKR1 enzymes control concentrations of active androgens and regulate the occupancy and trans-activation of androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate. AKR1C3 catalyzes the reduction of D4 -androstene-3,17-dione to form the potent androgen estosterone (Kd = 109 M for AR) and the reduction of 5a-androstane-3,17-dione to yield the most potent androgen 5a-DHT (Kd = 1010 Mfor the AR).
Many synthetic steroids contain the D4 or 3-keto, 20-keto-steroid structural motif and are anticipated to be substrates for the AKR1 enzymes. In support of this contention AKR1 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of tibolone and the rogestins, norethynodrel and dydrogesterone as well as the synthetic glucocorticoids budesonide and flunisolide.
Inherited mutations in AKR1D1 have been studied in patients with bile-acid deficiency that develops in infants and is characterized by reduced formation of bile acids and accumulation of D4-3-keto steroids and 5a-reduced (allo-bile acids) which are hepatotoxic.
Tibolone is a prodrug used for the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms. Its tissue specific effects which make it a "selective tissue estrogen activity regulator" is likely mediated by AKR metabolism.
Altered regulation of AKR1 gene transcription, including epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation (induction, repression, alternative splicing) should be further investigated. For example, AKR1C genes are up-regulated by androgen deprivation in prostate cancer but it is not known how AKR1C genes are regulated by hormone deprivation and whether this would be seen in other malignancies.
Among all AKR1 SNPs included in the SNP database there are currently only 5 SNPs with a minor allelic frequency (MAF) greater than 0.05. These correspond to Phe46Tyr in AKR1C2 with a MAF = 0.051; His5Gln and Lys104Asn in AKR1C3 with MAF of 0.428 and 0.132, respectfully; and Ser145Cys and Leu311Val in AKR1C4, both with MAF of 0.104. So far SNPs in AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 have been studied at the protein level and Phe46Tyr has been associated with disease.
AKR1 enzymes control concentrations of estrogens and regulate occupancy and trans-activation of estrogen receptors a and b (ERa and ERb). AKR1C3 catalyzes reduction of estrone (Kd = 0.3 nM and 0.4 nM for ERa and ERb, respectively) to yield the more potent estrogen 17b-estradiol, (Kd = 0.1 nM for ERa and ERb) and thus controls activation of ERa and ERb.
The main function of AKR1 is to regulate the differentiation, growth and damage repair of cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells.
Steroid preferences of AKR1 enzymes are characterized by determination of their kinetic properties in vitro, where catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM values) are compared, and products of the reactions are identified, preferably by liquid hromatography mass spectrometry.
A functional genomics approach would contribute enormously. After studying enzymatic activities of recombinant AKR1 enzymes (substrate specificity, catalytic efficiency, product profiling), their activities in model or transfected cell lines, and their ability to alter transactivation of uclear receptors should be examined. Proof-of-principle experiments in human cell lines using siRNA or sh-RNA approaches are needed to clarify the athophysiological roles of AKR1 enzymes.
Under normal circumstances, AKR1 expression is regulated, but in some diseases such as myocardial infarction, muscle disease, diabetes, and other cell and tissue damage, AKR1 expression is significantly increased. This suggests that AKR1 plays a key role in cell growth and damage repair.
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