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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a class of pluripotent stem cells that originate from embryonic mesoderm or adult tissues and possess unique properties such as self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation, and immunomodulation. This cell population was first discovered in the 1960s by scientists such as Friedenstein and has been extensively studied and isolated from bone marrow (Friedenstein AJ, et al., 1970). Since then, MSCs have been found to exist in a wide variety of tissues and organs, including adipose tissue, placenta, umbilical cord blood, dental pulp, muscle, and bone. Due to their pluripotency and immunomodulatory functions, MSCs have broad application prospects in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Clinical studies have demonstrated the potential efficacy of MSCs for repairing bone, cartilage, and muscle tissues, as well as treating heart disease, neurological disorders, and immune-related diseases. Although MSCs show great potential for clinical applications, many unanswered questions about the origin, differentiation mechanism, and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs require further research and exploration.

Types of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are capable of differentiating into various cell types, such as osteoblasts (bone cells), adipocytes (fat cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells). The process of MSC differentiation is regulated by a complex interplay of multiple factors and markers. Here, we will discuss the different classes of factors and markers involved in the MSC differentiation process.

  • MSC differentiation markers

These markers are specific proteins or molecules that are expressed during the differentiation of MSC into specific cell types. Examples of differentiation markers for osteogenic differentiation include osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and type I collagen. Adipogenic differentiation markers include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and adipocyte protein 2 (ap2). Chondrogenic differentiation markers include type II collagen and aggregated proteoglycans.

  • MSC growth factors

They stimulate cellular processes and signaling pathways involved in MSC fate regulation, induce differentiation to specific lineages, and promote tissue regeneration. Common growth factors used in MSC research include transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF).

  • MSC markers

These markers are proteins or molecules expressed on the surface of MSC. They help to identify and separate MSC from other cell types. common MSC markers include CD73, CD90, and CD105. these positive markers, as well as the absence of hematopoietic markers (CD45 and CD34, etc.), are used to confirm the identity and purity of the MSC population.

  • MSC transcription factors

They direct the differentiation of MSC into specific cell lineages and control the expression of specific genes involved in osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. Transcription factors involved in MSC differentiation include runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and Sox9.

In summary, the differentiation of MSCs into specialized cell types is regulated by a complex network of factors and markers. Understanding these factors and how they affect the fate of MSCs is critical for advancing regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. Continued research in this area will provide insights into the mechanisms of MSC differentiation and contribute to the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases and injuries.

Reference:

  1. Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, et al. Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method.Exp Hematol. 1974;2(2):83-92.
  2. Caplan A I. Mesenchymal stem cells[J].Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1991, 9(5): 641-650.
  3. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284(5411):143-147.
  4. Uccelli A, Pistoia V, Moretta L. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression? [J]. Trends in Immunology, 2007, 28(5): 219-226.
  5. Stem cells and their potential for clinical application[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.
  6. Kim D, Lee A E, Xu Q, et al. Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells: potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine-a comprehensive review[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 667221.
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