Recombinant Full Length Naumovozyma Castellii Palmitoyltransferase Akr1(Akr1) Protein, His-Tagged

• Cat.No.: RFL11568NF
• Product Overview: Recombinant Full Length Naumovozyma castellii Palmitoyltransferase AKR1(AKR1) Protein (Q876A6) (1-757aa), fused to N-terminal His tag, was expressed in E. coli.

Specification

• Source: E.coli expression system
• Species: Naumovozyma castellii (strain ATCC 76901 / CBS 4309 / NBRC 1992 / NRRL Y-12630) (Yeast) (Saccharomyces castellii)
• Tag: His
• Form: Lyophilized powder
• Protein Length: Full Length (1-757)
• AA Sequence: MSDINTESGESTSLPNSTDPPLSDV NIDVEDDDTAESISSLQPIVSNTTN PPEEPINPVL GQYHQACQKGDLATVKQLLDSGVLD LNTDLTGDITGLHWASINNRLSVVK YLISQGIDVN AKAGDLEATPLHWAARYGYVHIVDC LLNKGADPTMCDMQGFNLLHLAVNS SNVMLVAYVL FFVVAKGIIDIDCQDPKGRTPLLWA AYQGDSLSVMLLLKFGASTKIVDEG GFTPLHWATV KGQPYVLTHLIRDGADFFLKTNDGK DCFTIAQEMNTSHSFKDALSICGFN QDGYPKRKLF KKSDHAKVITFFVPLVALSIIFILF THLHPLFALLISLIFGLAVNKALKE LILPSYSNYG LHSTSLLKSPFLSGTFFGSLLLLTI VWIFKIAPFTIFKSRLLTNFFMFLI LMQIYYLFIK LIFSDPGCVPIETDHENVRGTIKEL LDTGKFDIKNFCLETWIRKPLRSHF STLNTHNVAR FDHFCPWIYNDIGLKNHKNFMWFIL LTEVGIWFFISLTMKYFDILEDTNE DVACFLLGDD ELCAGFVYDRFTFLIALWALIQSVW VGFLIVVQVFQTFTGVTNKEFNKYV KEKKNQHAFD PIFFNDTFNTTPEELRNDDDDTAAS RTGNNPNHSNGTTIPSEGSRINTRK PRTCFNLCFA ITGLDQVRTIVRETLGIGGANEMSR MQLLSSIPTNYGWKRNLADFWLTSD VMAPIWRRLF YSPVESRALLNGVEVDYFKLYDFPE KTYPEPTGPESV
• Purity: Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
• Notes: Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.
• Storage: Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
• Storage Buffer: Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0
• Reconstitution: We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20℃/-80℃. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.
• Gene Name: AKR1
• Synonyms: AKR1; NCAS_0C05280; Palmitoyltransferase AKR1; Ankyrin repeat-containing protein AKR1
• UniProt ID: Q876A6

Gene Information

• Gene Name: AKR1
• Synonyms: AKR1; NCAS_0C05280; Palmitoyltransferase AKR1; Ankyrin repeat-containing protein AKR1
• UniProt ID: Q876A6

Reviews

05/22/2023

High solubility makes it easy to prepare the desired concentration.

09/13/2022

Had good crystallinity, which was beneficial for crystallographic study.

10/10/2021

Good antigenicity and could induce target immune responses.

05/30/2020

High catalytic efficiency.

Q&As

What is the mechanism by which AKR1 functions in the human body?

Human AKR1 enzymes catalyze the conversion of either weak ligands to form potent ligands for nuclear receptors or they are involved in the elimination of these ligands. In this manner AKR1 enzymes control the levels of potent ligands that can occupy and trans-activate nuclear receptors within endocrine target tissues.

Can AKR1 play a role in regulating prostate hormones? What is the mechanism of action?

AKR1 enzymes control concentrations of active androgens and regulate the occupancy and trans-activation of androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate. AKR1C3 catalyzes the reduction of D4 -androstene-3,17-dione to form the potent androgen estosterone (Kd = 109 M for AR) and the reduction of 5a-androstane-3,17-dione to yield the most potent androgen 5a-DHT (Kd = 1010 Mfor the AR).

Does AKR1 have a role in anabolic steroid metabolism and what role does it play?

Many synthetic steroids contain the D4 or 3-keto, 20-keto-steroid structural motif and are anticipated to be substrates for the AKR1 enzymes. In support of this contention AKR1 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of tibolone and the rogestins, norethynodrel and dydrogesterone as well as the synthetic glucocorticoids budesonide and flunisolide.

Is there any progress in the research of AKR1 in the field of infant disease?

Inherited mutations in AKR1D1 have been studied in patients with bile-acid deficiency that develops in infants and is characterized by reduced formation of bile acids and accumulation of D4-3-keto steroids and 5a-reduced (allo-bile acids) which are hepatotoxic.

What are the current drugs related to the AAKR1-mediated pathway?

Tibolone is a prodrug used for the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms. Its tissue specific effects which make it a "selective tissue estrogen activity regulator" is likely mediated by AKR metabolism.

What role does AKR1 play in gene regulation？

Altered regulation of AKR1 gene transcription, including epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation (induction, repression, alternative splicing) should be further investigated. For example, AKR1C genes are up-regulated by androgen deprivation in prostate cancer but it is not known how AKR1C genes are regulated by hormone deprivation and whether this would be seen in other malignancies.

What are the mutations in the AKR1 gene associated with human disease?

Among all AKR1 SNPs included in the SNP database there are currently only 5 SNPs with a minor allelic frequency (MAF) greater than 0.05. These correspond to Phe46Tyr in AKR1C2 with a MAF = 0.051; His5Gln and Lys104Asn in AKR1C3 with MAF of 0.428 and 0.132, respectfully; and Ser145Cys and Leu311Val in AKR1C4, both with MAF of 0.104. So far SNPs in AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 have been studied at the protein level and Phe46Tyr has been associated with disease.

Studies have shown that AKR1 can regulate estrogen, how is it regulated

AKR1 enzymes control concentrations of estrogens and regulate occupancy and trans-activation of estrogen receptors a and b (ERa and ERb). AKR1C3 catalyzes reduction of estrone (Kd = 0.3 nM and 0.4 nM for ERa and ERb, respectively) to yield the more potent estrogen 17b-estradiol, (Kd = 0.1 nM for ERa and ERb) and thus controls activation of ERa and ERb.

What are the most important functions of AKR1?

The main function of AKR1 is to regulate the differentiation, growth and damage repair of cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells.

Which method should be used to detect AKR1 levels in vitro？

Steroid preferences of AKR1 enzymes are characterized by determination of their kinetic properties in vitro, where catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM values) are compared, and products of the reactions are identified, preferably by liquid hromatography mass spectrometry.

Is it necessary to verify in human cells when studying AKR1？

A functional genomics approach would contribute enormously. After studying enzymatic activities of recombinant AKR1 enzymes (substrate specificity, catalytic efficiency, product profiling), their activities in model or transfected cell lines, and their ability to alter transactivation of uclear receptors should be examined. Proof-of-principle experiments in human cell lines using siRNA or sh-RNA approaches are needed to clarify the athophysiological roles of AKR1 enzymes.

How AKR1 is involved in bone differentiation, growth, etc？

Under normal circumstances, AKR1 expression is regulated, but in some diseases such as myocardial infarction, muscle disease, diabetes, and other cell and tissue damage, AKR1 expression is significantly increased. This suggests that AKR1 plays a key role in cell growth and damage repair.