Bmp2

What is bmp2 protein?

The BMP2 protein, or Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, is a transformative member of the growth factor-beta superfamily extensively implicated in innumerable developmental processes. The inherent property of BMP2 to stimulate bone and cartilage growth, as a regenerative and non-mitogenic extracellular protein, has led to the utilization of BMP2 as a therapeutic agent for bone healing and repair.

BMP2 was first discovered during the 1960s through studies focused on osteoinductive substances. The exact timeframe of BMP2's discovery is somewhat fuzzy, owing to the multitude of intrinsic components involved in bone development. Historically, the discovery of BMP2 was a significant stride in the study of developmental biology, as it highlighted the existence of secreted proteins that could direct cellular fate.

The BMP2 gene is situated on the short arm of chromosome 20 at locus 20p12. The gene encompasses seven exons, with transcription resulting in a precursor protein that is subsequently cleaved to generate the mature protein. The BMP2 protein structure comprises a monomer that is part of a larger homodimer or heterodimer complex. This larger complex is stabilized by a disulfide bond and demonstrates a distinct 'cystine knot' like configuration.

What is the function of bmp2 protein?

BMP2 is instrumental in inducing bone and cartilage formation. It regulates growth, differentiation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis in a myriad of cell types, including mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, neuronal cells, etc. Essentially, BMP2 acts as a vital regulator during embryogenesis and postnatal development, molding various organs, including teeth, limbs, heart, and the nervous system. In adults, its role further extends to maintaining homeostasis of tissues such as bone and cartilage.

Bmp2 related signaling pathway

BMP2 signaling is performed chiefly via canonical SMAD-dependent and non-canonical SMAD-independent pathways. The SMAD-dependent pathway is the primary signal transduction pathway for TGF-β superfamily members, including BMP2. Here, transduced signals from cell surface to nucleus regulate gene transcription. Conversely, the SMAD-independent pathways include MAPK pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, and PKC pathway, primarily involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell mobility.

BMP2 Related Diseases

• Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): Also known as "Stone Man Syndrome," this is a rare disease in which the body's soft tissues progressively turn into bone. BMP2, along with other proteins, play a significant role in the abnormal bone growth.
• Heterotopic Ossification (HO): This condition also involves abnormal bone growth in areas like muscles and tendons. Increased levels of BMP2 can kick start the process of ossification, leading to this condition.
• Atherosclerosis: BMP2 plays a role in the formation of bone-like tissue in the arteries, a critical aspect of atherosclerosis.
• Congenital Heart Defects: Children born with heart defects may have mutations in the BMP2 gene. It plays an important role in heart development, and disruptions can cause defects.

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 as a novel biomarker for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Kim, J. Y., 2021)

Biomedical Application of BMP2 Protein

• Bone Regeneration: BMP2 is used as a clinical tool to stimulate bone regeneration. It is used in spinal fusion, fractures, and also in dental implants where bone growth is required.
• Cartilage Repair: BMP2 can stimulate chondrocytes, the cells that produce cartilage, making it potentially beneficial for cartilage repair.
• Cancer Treatment: Due to its role in cell growth and death, BMP2 can potentially be used as a novel therapeutic target or diagnostic biomarker for various cancers.
• Wound Healing: Studies suggest BMP2 can enhance wound healing and tissue repair, potentially shortening recovery times after surgery or injury.