Surface Molecules Proteins Research Tools - Creative BioMart

Examples of Surface molecules Proteins

Signaling of various members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of type I activin receptor transduction ligands. The cytokine and hormone family included activin, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal. They are involved in many physiological processes including growth, cell differentiation, homeostasis, osteogenesis, apoptosis and many other functions. There are three types of type I activin receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B and ACVR1C, each bind to a specific type II receptor-ligand complex. Although these ligands regulate a large number of processes, they all function through essentially the same pathway: the ligand binds to the type 2 receptor, which recruits and rephosphorizes the type I receptor. Type I receptors recruit receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and phosphorylate it. RSMAD then translocates to the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor in the nucleu

Figure 1. Protein structure of activin A receptor.

ACVR2 receptor

The gene encodes an activin A type II receptor. Activin is a dimeric growth and differentiation factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activin signals via a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases comprising at least two Type I (I and IB) and two Type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are transmembrane proteins composed of a ligand with a cysteine-rich region binding to the extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are critical for signal transduction. Type II and type II receptors are required for expression of binding ligands and type I receptors. Type I and type II receptors form a stable complex upon ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases.

Figure 2. Protein structure of ACVR2 receptor.

BMPR2

BMPR2 is a serine/threonine receptor kinase. BMPR2  is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells and is an important receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF 9). These two proteins signaling molecules and their BMPR2-mediated effects play an important role in follicular development for ovulation preparation. However, without the help of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβR1), BMPR2 cannot bind to BMP15 and GDF9. There is evidence that in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome, the BMPR2  signaling pathway may be disrupted by aldosteronism.

Figure 3. Protein structure of BMPR2 receptor.

ITGA6 protein

The ITGA6 protein product is the integrin alpha chain α6. Integrins are intact cell surface proteins composed of alpha and beta chains. A given chain may be combined with multiple partners to produce different integrins. For example, α6 may bind to β4 in an integrin called TSP180 or to β1 in integrin VLA-6. Integrins are known to be involved in cell adhesion as well as cell surface mediated signaling. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. The specificity of this integrin chain in the intestinal epithelium is lost, and thus the specificity in its hemidesmosomes is lost, causing long-term colitis and invasive adenocarcinoma.