T Cell CD Antigen
Creative BioMart T Cell CD Antigen Product List
Available Resources for T Cell CD Antigens Research
Creative BioMart offers a wide range of products covering T cell CD antigens including helper T cell CD antigens, regulatory T cell CD antigens, T cell antigen recognition CD antigen, T cell migration/adhesion CD antigen, and other T cell CD antigens related content such as recombinant proteins, protein pre-coupled magnetic beads, cell and tissue lysates, chromatography reagents, and more.
In addition, we offer a wealth of resources covering multiple aspects of T cell CD antigens molecules, such as pathways, protein functions, interacting proteins, related articles, areas of research, and other relevant topics. These resources will help researchers better explore and understand the mysteries of T cell CD antigens.
Our Featured Products
About T Cell CD Antigen
T cell CD antigens, also known as cluster of differentiation antigens, are cell surface molecules expressed on T cells. These antigens serve various functions and play critical roles in T cell development, activation, differentiation, and immune responses. They are identified by specific antibodies that recognize and bind to these antigens, allowing for their characterization and classification.
T cell CD antigens are categorized based on their functions and associated T cell subsets. Here are some key types of T cell CD antigens:
CD Antigen (Helper T Cells)
Helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells, play a critical role in coordinating immune responses. They express the CD4 antigen, which serves as a co-receptor for the interaction with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This interaction facilitates T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of antigenic peptides presented by APCs. CD4 expression on Helper T cells is essential for their activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines that regulate immune responses.
CD Antigen (Regulatory T Cells)
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subset of T cells that contribute to immune tolerance and the suppression of excessive immune responses. They express the CD25 antigen, which is the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). CD25 expression on Tregs allows them to efficiently respond to IL-2, a cytokine involved in Treg development, survival, and suppressive functions. Additionally, Tregs express the transcription factor FoxP3, which is critical for their suppressive properties.
CD Antigen (T Cell Antigen Recognition)
T cell antigen recognition is facilitated by several CD antigens, including CD3, CD8, and CD28.
- CD3 is a complex of proteins associated with the TCR and is involved in signal transduction upon TCR engagement with antigen-MHC complexes.
- CD8 is expressed on cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) and acts as a co-receptor for the interaction with MHC-I molecules. This interaction enhances the binding of TCR to antigenic peptides presented by MHC-I, facilitating T cell activation.
- CD28 is a co-stimulatory molecule expressed on T cells. It interacts with CD80/CD86 molecules on APCs, providing a second signal for T cell activation along with TCR triggering. CD28 signaling is crucial for optimal T cell activation and effector functions.
CD Antigen (T Cell Migration/Adhesion)
T cell migration and adhesion are essential for their trafficking to specific tissues and immune cell interactions. Several CD antigens are involved in these processes, including CD62L (L-selectin), CXCR3, CCR7, and integrins.
- CD62L is expressed on naive and central memory T cells and mediates their homing to lymph nodes through interactions with endothelial cells.
- CXCR3 and CCR7 are chemokine receptors that guide T cell migration towards specific chemokines, influencing their localization to sites of inflammation or lymphoid organs.
- Integrins, such as LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and VLA-4 (CD49d/CD29), are involved in T cell adhesion and extravasation into tissues. They facilitate T cell interactions with endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells.
Other T Cell CD Antigens
There are numerous other CD antigens expressed on T cells that have various functions. Some examples include:
- CD74: CD74, also known as the invariant chain (Ii). CD74 is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and is crucial for efficient loading of antigenic peptides onto MHC-II molecules, enabling their presentation to CD4+ T cells.
- DPP4 (CD26): DPP4 can cleave certain chemokines, modulating their function and affecting T cell migration. It also acts as a costimulatory molecule, promoting T cell activation. Additionally, DPP4 has been implicated in T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components.
These CD antigens play crucial roles in T cell development, activation, migration, and immune regulation, highlighting their significance in the functioning of the adaptive immune system.
Fig.2 Cluster of differentiation antigens expressed on T lymphocytes in teleost fish. (Tian, Hf., et al., 2022)
Role of T Cell CD Antigens in Diseases
T cell CD antigens play essential roles in various diseases, contributing to the pathogenesis, progression, and modulation of immune responses. Here are some examples of how T cell CD antigens are involved in different diseases:
Autoimmune Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): CD4+ T cells expressing the CD45 antigen play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS. Dysregulated CD45 signaling can lead to excessive activation and proliferation of autoreactive T cells, contributing to the immune attack on myelin in the central nervous system.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): CD28, a co-stimulatory molecule on T cells, is involved in the activation of autoreactive T cells in RA. Dysregulated CD28 signaling can enhance T cell activation and contribute to chronic inflammation and joint damage.
Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): SCID is characterized by a severe impairment in T cell development and immune function. Defects in CD3 complex proteins, such as CD3δ and CD3ε, result in a dysfunctional TCR complex, leading to impaired T cell maturation and severe immunodeficiency.
Infectious Diseases
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: HIV specifically targets CD4+ T cells by interacting with the CD4 receptor. The virus binds to CD4, leading to the depletion of CD4+ T cells and progressive immunodeficiency, resulting in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
- Tuberculosis (TB): CD8+ T cells expressing the CD69 antigen are involved in the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CD69 expression on activated CD8+ T cells contributes to their recruitment and activation at the site of infection, aiding in the control of TB.
Cancer
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs): In various cancers, including melanoma and lung cancer, TILs expressing CD8 participate in the immune response against tumor cells. CD8+ T cells recognize tumor antigens presented by MHC-I molecules and exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs): CD28 and CTLA-4 are targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors used in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibiting CTLA-4 or enhancing CD28 co-stimulation can promote T cell activation and enhance anti-tumor immune responses.
Transplant Rejection
- Organ Transplant Rejection: CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO play critical roles in allograft rejection. These T cells recognize foreign antigens presented by donor tissue and initiate immune responses, leading to graft rejection.
- It's important to note that the involvement of T cell CD antigens in diseases can vary depending on the specific condition and the context of the immune response. The modulation of these CD antigens is a target for therapeutic interventions aimed at regulating immune responses in different disease settings.
Fig.3 The many facets of C8+ T cell dysfunction. (Huff WX, et al., 2019)
If you have any questions, requirements, or cooperation intentions, please feel free to contact us. We very much look forward to working with you and helping you achieve research and commercial success.
Related References
- Kapur, Suman, and Anuradha Pal. "Immune cell activation: stimulation, costimulation, and regulation of cellular activation." Immune Response Activation and Immunomodulation (2018): 79.
- Tian, Hf., Xing, J., Tang, Xq. et al. Cluster of differentiation antigens: essential roles in the identification of teleost fish T lymphocytes. Mar Life Sci Technol 4, 303–316 (2022).
- Huff WX, Kwon JH, Henriquez M, Fetcko K, Dey M. The Evolving Role of CD8+CD28- Immunosenescent T Cells in Cancer Immunology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(11):2810.
