R-Spondin Protein
Available Resources for R-Spondin Protein Research
At Creative BioMart, we take pride in offering a diverse range of products associated with the R-Spondin protein. Our extensive selection includes recombinant proteins, protein pre-coupled magnetic beads, and cell and tissue lysates, providing researchers with the necessary tools to advance their studies effectively. Furthermore, our customizable services are specifically designed to cater to your unique requirements, guaranteeing that you receive the most suitable product for your specific needs.
In addition to our comprehensive product portfolio, we are committed to providing an abundance of information about the R-Spondin protein. Our resources cover various essential aspects, including involved pathways, protein function, interacting proteins, related articles, research areas, and other relevant topics. These comprehensive resources serve as invaluable references, empowering researchers to deepen their understanding of the R-Spondin protein and its significant role in physiological processes.
Our Featured Products
| Cat.# | Product name | Species | Source (Host) | Tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSPO1-351H | Active Recombinant Human RSPO1 | Human | CHO | N/A |
| RSPO1-1942H | Recombinant Human RSPO1 protein, His & T7-tagged | Human | E.coli | His/T7 |
| RSPO2-480H | Active Recombinant Human RSPO2 Protein, Fc-tagged | Human | HEK293 | Fc |
| RSPO2-2454H | Recombinant Human RSPO2, His-tagged | Human | E.coli | His |
| RSPO3-2455H | Recombinant Human RSPO3, GST-tagged | Human | E.coli | GST |
| RSPO3-3883H | Active Recombinant Human RSPO3 protein, His-tagged | Human | HEK293 | His |
| RSPO4-3715H | Recombinant Human RSPO4 protein, His-tagged | Human | E.coli | His |
About R-Spondin Protein
R-Spondin proteins are a family of secreted signaling molecules that play essential roles in various biological processes, particularly in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. They were first discovered and characterized in the early 2000s as potent activators of the Wnt signaling pathway.
The R-Spondin protein family consists of four members: R-Spondin 1, R-Spondin 2, R-Spondin 3, and R-Spondin 4. These proteins are highly conserved across species, indicating their fundamental importance in biological systems.
R-Spondins are characterized by the presence of two distinct domains: a thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) domain and a C-terminal region containing a furin-like cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The TSR domain is responsible for binding to specific receptors, while the CRD domain interacts with the Wnt signaling pathway to enhance its activity.
Fig.1 Enhancement of Wnt signalling by R-spondin (RSPO) ligands. (Kriz V, et al., 2018)
Physiological Functions of R-Spondin Protein
R-pondin proteins play critical roles in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. Further research into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential may uncover new avenues for treating various diseases and promoting tissue regeneration.
- One of the main functions of R-Spondins is to amplify the Wnt signaling pathway, which is crucial for embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, and tissue regeneration. The Wnt pathway governs various cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination. R-Spondins act by binding to a class of receptors known as leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptors (LGRs), specifically LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LGR7. Upon binding, R-Spondins stabilize the interaction between the LGR receptors and Frizzled (FZD) receptors, leading to the activation of the Wnt pathway. This results in the translocation of a protein called β-catenin into the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of target genes involved in cellular processes.
- The importance of R-Spondin proteins in development and tissue homeostasis is highlighted by their involvement in various physiological processes, including stem cell self-renewal, intestinal crypt formation, hair follicle development, and liver regeneration. Additionally, dysregulation of R-Spondins has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, where aberrant Wnt signaling is often observed.
- R-Spondins are essential for the maintenance and self-renewal of adult stem cells in various tissues, including the intestine, hair follicles, and mammary glands. They promote stem cell proliferation and prevent their differentiation, thereby ensuring a continuous supply of functional cells for tissue regeneration and homeostasis.
- In the intestinal epithelium, R-Spondins are crucial for the formation and maintenance of intestinal crypts, which are invaginations in the lining of the intestine. Intestinal crypts house the stem cells that continuously replenish the intestinal epithelium, and R-Spondins are required for their proliferation and survival.
- R-Spondins play a critical role in the development and regeneration of hair follicles. They promote the expansion of hair follicle stem cells, which give rise to the different cell types within the hair follicle, including the hair shaft. R-Spondins also contribute to the activation of dormant hair follicles during the hair growth cycle.
- Following liver injury or surgical resection, R-Spondins are involved in the process of liver regeneration. They promote the proliferation of liver progenitor cells, which can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the main cell types in the liver. R-Spondins enhance the regenerative capacity of the liver and help restore its function.
- During mammary gland development, R-Spondins are necessary for the growth and branching of mammary ducts. They promote the proliferation of mammary stem cells and their differentiation into mammary epithelial cells, which form the ductal system of the mammary gland.
- R-Spondins have been implicated in bone development and remodeling processes. They regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. R-Spondins promote osteoblast proliferation and bone mineralization.
- R-Spondins are involved in neural development, particularly in the formation of the central nervous system. They regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, contributing to the generation of neurons and glial cells.
Fig.2 The Wnt and R-spondin signaling pathway. (Fischer AS, et al., 2019)
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References:
- Fischer AS, Sigal M. The Role of Wnt and R-spondin in the Stomach During Health and Disease. Biomedicines. 2019;7(2):44. Published 2019 Jun 19. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7020044.
- Kriz V, Korinek V. Wnt, RSPO and Hippo Signalling in the Intestine and Intestinal Stem Cells. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(1):20. Published 2018 Jan 8. doi:10.3390/genes9010020
