AR
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Official Full Name
androgen receptor
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Overview
The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Two alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] -
Synonyms
AR; androgen receptor; KD; AIS; TFM; DHTR; SBMA; HYSP1; NR3C4; SMAX1; HUMARA; dihydrotestosterone receptor; androgen nuclear receptor variant 2; nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4;
- Recombinant Proteins
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- BOMMO(Silk moth)
- Chicken
- Human
- Mouse
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- E.coli
- E.coli expression system
- E.Coli or Yeast
- HEK293
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- Wheat Germ
- Flag
- Flag|His
- GST
- His
- His (Fc)
- Avi
- His|GST
- His|SUMO|Myc
- N/A
- N
- Sumo
- Strep
- Involved Pathway
- Protein Function
- Interacting Protein
- AR Related Articles
- AR Related Gene Family
- AR Related Research Area
AR involved in several pathways and played different roles in them. We selected most pathways AR participated on our site, such as Oocyte meiosis, Pathways in cancer, Prostate cancer, which may be useful for your reference. Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with AR were listed below. Creative BioMart supplied nearly all the proteins listed, you can search them on our site.
Pathway Name | Pathway Related Protein |
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Oocyte meiosis | CDK1;CPEB1B;CAMK2B;YWHAQA;SMC1AL;CALM3A;SPDYB;ADCY2B;ANAPC11 |
Pathways in cancer | PLEKHG5;RALBP1;PAX8;ARNT;HDAC2;WNT3;MAP2K2;LAMB3;WNT7A |
Prostate cancer | PIK3R3;GRB2;PIK3CA;NFKBIA;TCF7;IGF1;FGFR2;MAPK3;PIK3CG |
AR has several biochemical functions, for example, ATPase binding, DNA binding, POU domain binding. Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by AR itself. We selected most functions AR had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with AR. You can find most of the proteins on our site.
Function | Related Protein |
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ATPase binding | PGR;PDE4D;GRIN2A;NOP58;S100A1;RAB4A;FXYD3;ATPIF1;CHRNA7 |
DNA binding | EOMESB;ARID5B;H2AFY;POLR1E;DR1;ZFP143;HIST1H2BJ;FAM171B;HES4 |
POU domain binding | |
RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding | FOXA2;PER1;MTF1;ASCL2;IFI16;ZNF114;CHD7;RELA;ZNF257 |
RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding | PPARA;RORB;NR4A2;VDRA;NR4A2A;RORAB;NR1D2;NR2F6B;NR5A5 |
RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding | GATA2;GATA2A;SPOP;Ar;GSK3B;TBX6;DHX9;KDM1A;MTDH |
androgen binding | Ar;TSPO;SHBG;ALDH1A1 |
androgen receptor activity | NKX3;Ar;NR1I3;NKX3-1 |
androgen receptor binding | NSD1;RNF14;TGFB1I1;GRIP1;FOXH1;PRKCB;FOXP1;PRPF6;NCOA3 |
beta-catenin binding | APC;PROP1;SMAD3;PTPRK;SLC9A3R2;CDH2;RORA;SMAD7;APC2 |
chromatin binding | ORC1L;RNF168;TFAP2A;SREBF1;MKRN1;NAP1L2;ARID3A;GATA2B;HDAC7 |
enzyme binding | UGT1A6A;DDC;PRMT1;GSTM3;JUND;BLZF1;PARK7;GSTM1;MAT2B |
lipid binding | PEX3;PACSIN1B;EPN1;ANXA6;FAM123A;LTC4S;BPIFA5;APOEB;HDLBP |
metal ion binding | DMRTA1;ATP9A;CYP2K6;APTX;ACLYA;ZNF41;ESRRGB;ZNF713;PFKMB |
protein binding | TCERG1;BRD7;BANF1;NIPSNAP3A;ASPSCR1;SYCE3;HMGA2;HNRNPD;CA |
protein domain specific binding | HIST2H4A;IRS2;CHMP1B;CASKIN1;RAB6A;TACC1;CHMP1A;STX1A;STAMBP |
receptor binding | GLA;IFNL3;PCSK1N;NUDT19;CRH;F2;DPP4;SCP2;WNT2BB |
sequence-specific DNA binding | MNX2A;HOXA11B;MAFGA;MXTX2;LHX8A;FOXO1;FOXP3A;RORCA;HOXD9A |
steroid binding | ESRRGA;PDIA2;ESR2B;NR3C2;ESRRG;ESR2A;HSD11B2;GPR30;HSD17B10 |
transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding | HOXA3A;HOXC6B;ZNF577;HOXC6A;PAX6;ZNF8;CARF;POU6F2;ZBTB14 |
transcription factor binding | MAPK1;NAB1;DAXX;HDAC3;TAF7;SRF;PPP1R13B;Trl;NBN |
transcription regulatory region DNA binding | GATA5;MSX2;EGR2;KLF2A;ATMIN;DHX36;TAF2;TAF9;GRHL1 |
transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding | TFAM;MEOX2;CEBPE;HOXC11;OTX1;SMAD4;FIGLA;ELK1;HNRNPK |
zinc ion binding | PARK2;SH3RF2;ENPP2;ZNF185;THRAA;NPSN;ARHGEF2;MICAL2;LMO4A |
AR has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. Those interactions were detected by several methods such as yeast two hybrid, co-IP, pull-down and so on. We selected proteins and molecules interacted with AR here. Most of them are supplied by our site. Hope this information will be useful for your research of AR.
- Q&As
- Reviews
Q&As (18)
Ask a questionAbsolutely, research on the AR protein and its involvement in diseases continues to advance. Scientists are actively studying the mechanisms of AR function, its interactions with other proteins and signaling pathways, and the complex regulation of its activity. Furthermore, ongoing research focuses on the development of new therapeutic approaches, including targeted therapies and combination treatments, to combat diseases associated with the AR protein.
Yes, targeting the AR protein is a common therapeutic strategy for certain diseases. In the case of prostate cancer, which is often androgen-dependent, drugs called androgen receptor antagonists or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are used to inhibit the action of the AR protein and lower androgen levels.
Yes, mutations in the AR gene can lead to various diseases and disorders. One well-known condition associated with AR gene mutations is androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), where individuals with male sex chromosomes have impairment in the androgen receptor function. This can result in varying degrees of underdeveloped or ambiguous external genitalia and incomplete virilization.
Yes, there is ongoing research focused on understanding the AR protein and its role in various diseases and conditions. Scientists are trying to uncover the molecular mechanisms of AR signaling, including its interactions with coactivators and corepressors, as well as the factors that regulate its expression and activity.
Yes, there is ongoing research focused on understanding the AR protein and its role in various diseases and conditions. Scientists are trying to uncover the molecular mechanisms of AR signaling, including its interactions with coactivators and corepressors, as well as the factors that regulate its expression and activity.
While the AR protein primarily plays a role in male sexual development and characteristics, it can also have some impact on female reproductive organs and characteristics. In females, the AR protein is expressed at lower levels compared to males but can still be present, particularly in tissues like the ovaries, the adrenal glands, and the uterus. In these tissues, the AR protein may contribute to certain functions, such as regulating ovarian follicle development or influencing the growth and differentiation of the uterine lining. However, the extent and significance of the AR protein's role in female reproductive biology are still being investigated.
Yes, there are several drugs available that target the AR protein. For example, anti-androgens like bicalutamide and enzalutamide are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer to block the binding of androgens to the AR protein. These drugs help inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Other medications, such as abiraterone acetate and galeterone, also target the AR signaling pathway to treat advanced prostate cancer. These drugs work by reducing the production of androgens or directly inhibiting the AR protein.
Yes, genetic variations in the AR gene can impact the function of the AR protein. One common variation is a polymorphic CAG repeat sequence in the gene, where the number of CAG repeats can vary among individuals. This CAG repeat length has been associated with the activity and efficacy of the AR protein. Longer CAG repeat lengths have been linked to reduced AR transcriptional activity and have been implicated in certain diseases, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer.
Yes, genetic variations in the AR gene can impact the function of the AR protein. One common variation is a polymorphic CAG repeat sequence in the gene, where the number of CAG repeats can vary among individuals. This CAG repeat length has been associated with the activity and efficacy of the AR protein. Longer CAG repeat lengths have been linked to reduced AR transcriptional activity and have been implicated in certain diseases, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer.
Yes, certain environmental factors can influence the function of the AR protein. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as certain pesticides, plastics, and industrial pollutants, has been shown to interfere with androgen signaling pathways. EDCs can bind to the AR protein and alter its function, leading to abnormal development of male sexual characteristics or other adverse effects on reproductive and non-reproductive tissues.
Yes, certain environmental factors can influence the function of the AR protein. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as certain pesticides, plastics, and industrial pollutants, has been shown to interfere with androgen signaling pathways. EDCs can bind to the AR protein and alter its function, leading to abnormal development of male sexual characteristics or other adverse effects on reproductive and non-reproductive tissues.
Yes, the AR protein can be targeted for therapeutic purposes, particularly in conditions where its function needs to be modulated. For example, in certain types of prostate cancer where the tumor cells rely on androgen signaling, medications known as androgen receptor inhibitors can be used to block the activity of the AR protein and prevent its interaction with androgens. This can help slow down the progression of the disease.
Yes, the AR protein can be targeted for therapeutic purposes, particularly in conditions where its function needs to be modulated. For example, in certain types of prostate cancer where the tumor cells rely on androgen signaling, medications known as androgen receptor inhibitors can be used to block the activity of the AR protein and prevent its interaction with androgens. This can help slow down the progression of the disease.
Yes, the AR protein is expressed in various tissues throughout the body, not just male reproductive organs. It has been found in certain brain areas, muscle tissue, bone cells, and skin cells, among others. In these tissues, the AR protein can have additional functions beyond regulating sexual characteristics. For example, it plays a role in muscle development and maintenance, bone density regulation, and skin health. Abnormalities in the AR protein function in these tissues can contribute to certain diseases and disorders.
Yes, the AR protein is expressed in various tissues throughout the body, not just male reproductive organs. It has been found in certain brain areas, muscle tissue, bone cells, and skin cells, among others. In these tissues, the AR protein can have additional functions beyond regulating sexual characteristics. For example, it plays a role in muscle development and maintenance, bone density regulation, and skin health. Abnormalities in the AR protein function in these tissues can contribute to certain diseases and disorders.
The expression and activity of the AR protein are tightly regulated in the body. Regulatory mechanisms include hormone levels, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and coactivator/corepressor recruitment. Androgen levels, such as testosterone and DHT, are an important regulator of AR activity. Hormones bind to the AR protein, triggering conformational changes that allow it to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, also affect the activity, stability, and intracellular localization of the AR protein.
The expression and activity of the AR protein are tightly regulated in the body. Regulatory mechanisms include hormone levels, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and coactivator/corepressor recruitment. Androgen levels, such as testosterone and DHT, are an important regulator of AR activity. Hormones bind to the AR protein, triggering conformational changes that allow it to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, also affect the activity, stability, and intracellular localization of the AR protein.
During male development, high levels of androgens, such as testosterone, bind to the AR protein in target tissues. This activates the AR protein, allowing it to enter the nucleus of cells and bind to specific DNA sequences called androgen response elements (AREs). By binding to AREs, the AR protein regulates the expression of genes involved in male sexual differentiation, leading to the development of male genitalia, deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair, and other secondary sexual characteristics.
Customer Reviews (8)
Write a reviewThis level of support saves researchers time and resources, enabling them to focus on the scientific aspects of their work and accelerate the overall progress of their studies.
The manufacturer can provide researchers with high-quality AR protein, ensuring it is properly purified, characterized, and quality-controlled.
This may include providing detailed protocols, troubleshooting advice, and suggestions for experimental design.
They can also address any questions or concerns regarding the AR protein, thereby facilitating smooth and efficient research execution.
If researchers require specific variants or modifications of AR protein, the manufacturer can work with them to provide customized products tailored to their needs.
Manufacturers may offer the option for custom protein production.
This collaboration may extend beyond the purchase of the AR protein, potentially leading to additional support, joint research projects, or access to expertise in the field.
They can assist in identifying the most suitable experimental protocols or provide recommendations for optimal usage.
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