Background : |
The influenza B virus is the only species of virus in the genus Betainfluenzavirus within the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza B viruses have linear, negative-sense, single-stranded multipartite RNA genomes. The Influenza B virus capsid is enveloped and its virion comprises an envelope protein, matrix protein, nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and polymerase complex. Influenza viruses are highly pleomorphic, with 500 or so surface projections of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Unlike influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses are limited to infecting only humans and seals (Osterhaus et al., 2000) and can be divided into the two B/Yamagata/16/88-like and B/Victoria/2/87 lineages according to the antigenic properties of their Haemagglutinin surface proteins. The limited host range of influenza B viruses and their inability to genetically reassort is responsible for the lack of associated influenza pandemics in contrast with those caused by related influenza A viruses that mutate by both antigenic drift and shift. The variability of the type B viruses, however, is also characterised by other mechanisms such as insertion and deletion, as the influenza B lines show which have been co-circulating and stable for more than 20 years (Untergruppe, 2009). The Massachusetts/2/2012 strain of influenza B virus was first isolated in 2012 in the state of Massachusetts, USA (Influenza Research Database). |