IL-10 Family
Available Resources for the Study of IL-10 Family
At Creative BioMart, we are committed to advancing research in the IL-10 family. Our mission is to equip scientists with cutting-edge tools and expertise related to IL-10 family receptors, ligands, and signaling molecules.
- We offer a diverse range of essential products, including recombinant proteins, pre-coupled magnetic beads, cell and tissue lysates, and more, all crucial for exploring the functions and mechanisms of the IL-10 family.
- Our team of experienced professionals has extensive knowledge in IL-10 family research and is dedicated to providing tailored solutions to meet researchers' specific requirements.
- Moreover, we offer a wealth of resources, such as pathways, protein functions, interacting proteins, and other valuable information, to support research endeavors and enhance their impact.
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About IL-10 Family
The interleukin-10 (IL-10) family is a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation. This family includes several members, such as IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26.
IL-10 family cytokines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells. The receptors for IL-10 family members are heterodimeric in structure and typically consist of two subunits: a ligand-binding subunit, which is specific to the cytokine, and a signaling subunit, which is shared among different family members. For example, the receptor for IL-10 consists of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 subunits, while the receptor for IL-22 consists of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 subunits.
Upon ligand binding, IL-10 family receptors activate a signaling cascade that involves the JAK-STAT pathway, leading to the activation of various downstream target genes. This signaling pathway regulates immune responses, inflammation, tissue repair, and other important physiological processes.
In addition to their receptor-mediated effects, IL-10 family members can also modulate immune responses through interactions with other cytokines, chemokines, and signaling molecules. For example, IL-10 can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, while IL-22 promotes epithelial cell survival and tissue repair.
Overall, the IL-10 family plays a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses, making it an important target for therapeutic interventions in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, and cancer.
Fig.1 IL-10 family cytokines, receptors and downstream pathway. (Xuan L, et al., 2022)
Nine cytokines in the IL-10 family have been identified, and these cytokines can be divided into three groups: the IL-10, IL-20 subfamily and group 3. DC, dendritic cells; NK cell, natural killer cell; JAK, Janus tyrosine kinase; Tyk, tyrosine kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Detailed Mechanism of IL-10 Family Signaling Pathway
The signaling pathway of the IL-10 family of cytokines involves a series of steps that regulate immune responses and inflammation. Here is a detailed mechanism of the IL-10 family signaling pathway:
1. Ligand Binding: IL-10 family cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26, bind to their respective receptor complexes on the cell surface. The receptor complexes consist of ligand-specific alpha subunits and common beta subunits.
2. Receptor Activation: Upon ligand binding, the receptor complexes undergo conformational changes, leading to the activation of associated Janus kinase (JAK) family kinases. The specific JAKs activated depend on the cytokine and receptor combination. For example, IL-10 activates JAK1 and Tyk2, while IL-22 activates JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2.
3. JAK Activation and Phosphorylation: Activated JAK kinases phosphorylate the cytoplasmic tails of the receptor subunits. This phosphorylation creates docking sites for signaling molecules, particularly signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins.
4. STAT Recruitment and Phosphorylation: Phosphorylated receptor subunits recruit STAT proteins to the receptor complex. For instance, IL-10 signaling leads to the recruitment and phosphorylation of STAT3. The recruited STAT proteins are in turn phosphorylated by JAK kinases at specific tyrosine residues.
5. STAT Dimerization and Nuclear Translocation: Phosphorylated STAT proteins form homodimers or heterodimers and translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Within the nucleus, STAT dimers bind to specific DNA sequences known as STAT response elements (SREs) in the promoter regions of target genes.
6. Gene Transcription and Immune Regulation: Once bound to SREs, STAT dimers function as transcription factors, initiating the transcription of target genes. These target genes are involved in immune regulation, inflammation, cell proliferation, and survival. In the case of the IL-10 family, STAT3 is a key transcription factor that mediates the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of IL-10 signaling.
7. Negative Regulation: To maintain balanced immune responses, the IL-10 family signaling pathway is tightly regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. Various proteins, such as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, act as negative regulators by inhibiting JAK kinase activity or promoting receptor degradation.
The IL-10 family signaling pathway plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and inflammation. Dysregulation of this pathway can contribute to the development of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. Understanding the detailed mechanisms of IL-10 family signaling provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for immune-based interventions and the development of novel treatments.
Fig.2 Immune promoting and suppressing mechanisms of IL-10 in cancer immunotherapy. (Ouyang W, et al., 2019)
Creative BioMart is committed to helping you achieve your scientific goals and make meaningful contributions to the study of the mechanisms of action of the various components of the IL-10 family and their role in disease. Contact us today to learn more about our products and resources.
Related References:
- Xuan L, Zhang N, Wang X, Zhang L, Bachert C. IL-10 family cytokines in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: From experiments to the clinic. Front Immunol. 2022;13:947983. Published 2022 Aug 8. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.947983
- Ouyang W, O'Garra A. IL-10 family cytokines IL-10 and IL-22: from basic science to clinical translation[J]. Immunity, 2019, 50(4): 871-891.
