Description : |
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse family of viruses which cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Coronaviruses can cause a range of symptoms varying from mild symptoms such as the common cold to more serious respiratory illnesses. They primarily cause respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals and birds. Coronavirus symptoms include rhinorrhea, sneezing, cough, nasal obstruction, bronchitis and so on. They encode five structural proteins in their genomes; namely, the Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E) glycoproteins, Hemagglutinin Esterase (HE) and Nucleoprotein (N). All envelope proteins and N protein is present in all virions but HE is only present in some beta coronaviruses. There are three main groups of coronaviruses: alpha, beta, and gamma. Nucleoproteins, also known as nucleocapsid proteins, are phosphoproteins that are capable of binding to helix and have flexible structure of viral genomic RNA. It plays an important role in virion structure, replication and transcription of coronaviruses, as it localizes in both the replication/transcriptional region of the coronaviruses and the ERGIC region where the virus is collected. It packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. It also plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. |