Active Native Bovine TSH Protein

• Cat.No.: TSH-1315B
• Product Overview: Native bovine thyroid stimulating hormone was purified from bovine pituitary gland.

Specification

• Description: The four human glycoprotein hormones chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are dimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are associated noncovalently. The alpha subunits of these hormones are identical, however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. Thyroid stimulating hormone functions in the control of thyroid structure and metabolism. The protein encoded by this gene is the beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital central and secondary hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
• Source: Bovine Pituitary Gland
• Species: Bovine
• Bio-activity: 30 IU/mg
• Quality Control Test: FSH Contamination: 0.05%
  LH Contamination: 0.006%
  GH Contamination: 0.002%
  PRL Contamination: 0.001%
• Storage: Prepare aliquots and store at < -20 centigrade. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
• Reconstitution: It is recommended to reconstitute the powder in physiological saline (pH 7.0) and 0.5% BSA is desirable to retard absorption to glass.
• Tag: Non
• Publication:
  A microfluidic thyroid-liver platform to assess chemical safety in humans (2022)
  Protection of cell therapeutics from antibody-mediated killing by CD64 overexpression (2023)
  A Rodent Thyroid-Liver Chip to Capture Thyroid Toxicity on Organ Function Level (2023)

Case Study

Case 1: Rogers E, et al. Front Toxicol. 2024

Interference with the synthesis of thyroid hormone (T4) can lead to developmental, metabolic, and cognitive impairments. Due to differences in the sensitivity of different species to chemicals, in vitro methods based on human cells are needed to reproduce thyroid cell structure and T4 production for screening purposes. The study used primary human thyroid cells isolated from healthy adult donors and cryopreserved, which showed a high EpCAM positive rate and a proportionate CD90 positive rate after thawing. The cells were cultured on a 96-well plate and were able to form 3D microtissues within 4-5 days after the addition of bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). These microtissues remained stable in shape and size during the 14-day culture period. Both thyroglobulin (TG) and T4 were the highest when the proportion of CD90 positive cells, inoculation density and TSH concentration were suitable. At maximum TG and T4 production levels, the average diameter of the microtissue is between 50 and 200 microns. Two typical TPO inhibitors, 6-propyl-2-thiourea and methimazole, had T4 IC50 values of approximately 0.7 micromol and 0.5 micromol, respectively, in microtissue cultures treated on days 9 to 14.

Fig1. Thyroxine (T4) on day 14 from thyrocytes in 2D and 3D culture treated without and with TSH.

Fig2. Representative images of microtissues treated without (−) or with (+) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

Case 2: Zhang Y, et al. Dis Markers. 2022

There is substantial evidence that thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are associated with insulin resistance in fat cells, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TSH in inhibiting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1.

The researchers differentiated mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes, which were then treated with different concentrations of bovine TSH. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was quantified by electrophoretic mobility change assay (EMSA). The levels of IRS-1 and tyrosine phosphorylation in adipocytes were detected by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation, respectively.

TSH was found to induce TNF-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner and positively correlated with NF-κB DNA-binding activity. Tsh-treated adipocytes inhibited insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, but promoted TSH-dependent TNF-α secretion and NF-κB DNA-binding activation. These effects were significantly inhibited by BAY 11-7082 and H89, and were completely blocked by the TNF-α antagonist WP9QY.

Fig1. Effect of TSH on the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Fig2. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes produce TNF-α.

Application

Bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, B-TSH) is a protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, its main function is to stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone, thereby regulating metabolism, growth and development and other physiological processes.

Bovine TSH has been used to test thyroid function, and serum B-TSH level will increase in hypothyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, serum B-TSH levels are reduced.

In the treatment of thyroid cancer, Bovine TSH has been used to increase iodine uptake in patients to facilitate radioactive iodine therapy. However, the clinical use of Bovine TSH has been greatly reduced because of the adverse immune reaction it may cause, and recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) is more commonly used. Bovine TSH has been used in clinical practice to assist in the diagnosis of thyroid related diseases, but has been replaced by rhTSH due to the above-mentioned immune response problems. rhTSH has the same α and β subunits as human pituitary TSH, and can strongly stimulate the secretion of T4, T3 and thyroglobulin (Tg) in healthy volunteers.

B-TSH can be used as carrier protein to target delivery of other bioactive substances (such as drugs, vaccines, etc.) to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs. In addition, the biological characteristics of B-TSH can also be used to develop new biosensors and biomaterials.

Fig1. Bis-Tris SDS PAGE gel of bTSH (product 1) and rhTSH (each 70 μg/lane). (Sandra Schaefer, 2013)

Reviews

07/11/2022

Good for Bimo-lecular fluorescence complementation control.

06/01/2020

TSH manufacturer's products are consistently of the highest quality, with a strong commitment to purity, potency, and consistency.

05/17/2020

Work great in Western blot analysis.

12/02/2019

The purity is truly exceptional, with no visible impurities or contaminants.

03/18/2019

TSH is ideal for Western-blot analysis, with strong bands and clear specificity.

04/09/2018

Can save materials and shorten the experiment time in luci-ferase complementation assay.

04/03/2018

It was accurately quantified in expression analysis.

03/11/2017

It is appropriate for T cell killing analysis.

Q&As

What the TSHR signal transduction, regulation, and maturation?

The TSHR, long known to signal via cAMP, can induce both the phospholipase C (PLC) and the protein kinase A signal transduction systems. Intracellular Ca2+ and PLC regulate iodide efflux, H2O2 production, and thyroglobulin iodination, while adenylate cyclase and cAMP regulate iodide uptake and transcription of thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and the sodium-iodide symporter.

Why the puzzling size diversity of TSHRs detected by western blotting?

Presumably by protein disulfide isomerase leading to release of the α subunit from the membrane-bound receptor.

What is associated with a high TSH value?

High-normal TSH-values are associated with an adverse lipid profile, high blood pressure, high body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome and fatal coronary heart disease.

How is TSH level regulated in brain?

It is known that the majority of the metabolically active T3 in the brain is not derived from the circulation, but produced locally by the effect of D2 on T4. Locally produced T3 largely acts on the hypothalamus and pituitary glands to control TSH levels.

Are TSH receptors expressed in places other than the thyroid gland?

Thyroid stimulating hormone receptors have been identified in mammalian heart, bone, kidneys, brain, skin, adipose, hair follicles, thymus, lymphocytes, astrocyte cultures and in fish testes.

How can thyroid cancer be treated by inhibiting thyrotropin?

Levothyroxine is recommended for long-term TSH suppression.

What cells or organs does TSH work on?

Including thyroid,lymphocytes, the pituitary, thymus, testes, kidney, brain, adipose tissue, and fibroblasts.

What is the biological function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

The only established biologic function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is to regulate the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid follicular cells.

How to achieve TSH transcription?

In response to low circulating thyroid hormone levels, the basal medial hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which then stimulates production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland.

Besides TSH, what other substances can stimulate the release of prolactin?

Other substances like serotonin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and estrogen can also stimulate prolactin release.

What is the role of TSH protein in thyroid cancer?

In thyroid cancer, the TSH protein may have a role in promoting the proliferation and growth of cancer cells. Therefore, for some high-risk groups, such as patients with postoperative thyroidectomy, inhibition of TSH protein production and activity can reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

What factors regulate the secretion of TSH protein?

The secretion of TSH protein is regulated by a variety of factors, including negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroxine levels, and the regulatory mechanism of anterior pituitary cells.

Does the TSH protein have polymorphisms?

The polymorphisms of the TSH protein are partly related to the genetic variation of individuals. TSH proteins of different genotypes may affect an individual's sensitivity to TSH and regulation of thyroid function.

How does TSH protein regulate thyroid function?

TSH protein activates intracellular signaling pathways by binding to TSH receptors on the surface of thyroid cells, promoting thyroxine synthesis and secretion. It enhances the production of thyroxine by positively regulating iodine uptake, thyroglobulin synthesis, and thyroid peroxidase activity.

What are the applications of TSH protein in clinical diagnosis?

The TSH protein plays a key role in clinical diagnosis. By measuring serum TSH levels, it is possible to assess whether the thyroid gland is functioning normally for diagnosis and follow-up of thyroid-related diseases.

Does the TSH protein interact with other proteins?

Yes, the TSH protein can interact with TSH receptors on the surface of thyroid cells, triggering a series of signaling. In addition, TSH protein interacts with other cytokines and regulators to regulate thyroid function.